Step 10 Objective

Appreciate the difference between mathematical explanation and experimental evidence.

Examples of what pupils should know and be able to do

Hollow Squares

Here is a hollow square.

diagram showing the hollow square created by circling dots on squared paper.
  • How many pegs form the square on the outside?
  • How many pegs are there in the hollow?
  • Draw some more hollow squares.
  • Investigate.
diagram showing how the formula 2x+2(x-2) equals number of pegs around the outside of a square and to work out the hollow would be (x-1)squared equals the size of the hollow, where x is equal to the number of pegs along the top side.

Examples drawn from Hollow Squares.

I worked this out by using two formulas or I could have just carried on with the paterns mentioned above.

If a square is 2cm by 2cm there are 3 pegs on each side, to work out how many pegs there are around the outside

an example of how to create hollow square equations


Probing questions

What conclusions can you draw from your evidence? Is it possible to generalise this further?

Is your conclusion based on mathematical explanation or experimental evidence? How do you know?

What if pupils find this a barrier?

diagram showing three lines crossing

Line Crossings

  • Draw three straight lines (line segments) so that some cross over each other.
  • How many crossings are there?
  • Try different arrangements of the lines. What is the maximum number of possible crossings?
  • Try using more lines.
  • Is there a rule for the maximum for any number of lines? If so, write it down.

Use the problem Line Crossings.

The maximum number of crossings is (n/2)(n − 1), or explained fully without using algebra.

  • When you add another line how many extra lines are there? Can you use algebra to explain this?
  • Can you explain how you work out how many crossings there are altogether? (If pupils explain 1+2+3+4+5+6, etc., ask if they can explain how they can add this quickly; there are three pairs of 7 [1+6, 2+5, 3+4]).